Planarian flatworms contain voltage patterns in non-neural cells that are re-writable latent pattern memories guiding future regenerative anatomy, editable without touching the genome.

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• Trained planarian flatworms regenerating new heads retain memory of learned behaviors, with behavioral engrams imprinted on newly formed brain tissue.finding0.883
  Evidence that memory and anatomical form are tightly linked; information processing enables integration of behavioral and morphological change.
• Planarian flatworms are extremely resistant to transgenesis, aging, cancer, and injury despite incredibly noisy genome.finding0.858
  Levin et al. 2019 finding on planarian robustness.
• Pattern memory in planaria can be re-written non-genetically via transient modification of membrane potential, leading to permanent changes in target morphology.claim0.838
  Summarizes the two-headed planarian phenomenon.
• Planarian pattern memory is encoded in bioelectric attractor states within gap-junction-coupled networks, which can be re-written by channel modulation.hypothesis0.836
  Testable by computational modeling and experimental perturbation of specific bioelectric circuits.
• Planarian fragments regenerating from bioelectrically re-patterned tissue produce permanent two-headed phenotype, demonstrating transient bioelectric states can produce lasting morphological memory changes.finding0.824
  Key evidence that morphogenetic memories are stored in bioelectric circuits and are rewritable via transient voltage state modifications; memory persists across multiple regeneration cycles.
• Planarians derived from tail fragments of trained worms retain original information after brain regenerationfinding0.818
  Behavioral memories in planaria persist through complete brain regeneration, indicating movement of memory across tissues.
• Planarian bioelectric circuits can enter a metastable cryptic state where they stochastically produce one- or two-headed worms upon each amputation, analogous to perceptual bistability.claim0.818
  Links cognitive and morphogenetic dynamics.
• Planaria maintain memories and re-imprint them from tail fragments onto newly regenerating brains.finding0.816
  Example of memory dynamics during extreme regeneration.