Planarian bioelectric circuits can enter a metastable cryptic state where they stochastically produce one- or two-headed worms upon each amputation, analogous to perceptual bistability.

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• Planarian fragments regenerating from bioelectrically re-patterned tissue produce permanent two-headed phenotype, demonstrating transient bioelectric states can produce lasting morphological memory changes.finding0.848
  Key evidence that morphogenetic memories are stored in bioelectric circuits and are rewritable via transient voltage state modifications; memory persists across multiple regeneration cycles.
• Transient bioelectrical modulation of body-wide pattern memory circuits in planaria can shift them from one-headed to persistent two-headed state, persisting through amputation rounds until reset with different manipulation.finding0.847
  Experimental evidence that organism-scale goals can be rewritten through physiological signals without genetic modification; demonstrates bioelectricity as cognitive medium.
• Transient bioelectrical modulation shifts planarians to persistent two-headed regenerative state despite unaltered genomes; phenotype persists through subsequent amputations.finding0.842
  Empirical validation of hypothesis that morphogenetic targets encoded in bioelectric networks can be rewritten without genetic modification.
• Permanent two-headed planarians created by manipulating bioelectric circuits.finding0.837
  From Oviedo et al. (2010) and Durant et al. (2017), shows memory of anatomical set points beyond genomic default.
• Transient perturbation of bioelectric states produces stable two-headed planaria that regenerate truefinding0.834
  Manipulating gap junctions or ion channels can permanently alter the target morphology in planaria, resulting in two-headed animals that regenerate two heads without further intervention.
• Bioelectric perturbation permanently alters planarian head number to two-headed or zero-headedfinding0.821
  Manipulation of Vmem via gap junction or ion channel drugs rewrites pattern memory, causing planaria to regenerate with stable, heritable aberrant head numbers.
• Planarian flatworms contain voltage patterns in non-neural cells that are re-writable latent pattern memories guiding future regenerative anatomy, editable without touching the genome.finding0.818
  Key empirical result demonstrating a sharp distinction between the cellular machine and the data it uses, analogous to false memory inception
• Gap junction blockade stochastically induces heads of other planarian species in genetically wild-type worms.finding0.811
  Temporary disruption of gap junctions causes planaria to reconstruct heads appropriate to other species, revealing latent morphospace attractors.