Planarians derived from tail fragments of trained worms retain original information after brain regeneration

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• Tail fragments of trained planarians retain original learned information, with memories reimprinted on newly-developing brains.finding0.898
  Empirical evidence that memories persist through regeneration; challenges substrate-dependence of identity.
• Trained planarian flatworms regenerating new heads retain memory of learned behaviors, with behavioral engrams imprinted on newly formed brain tissue.finding0.866
  Evidence that memory and anatomical form are tightly linked; information processing enables integration of behavioral and morphological change.
• Planaria maintain memories and re-imprint them from tail fragments onto newly regenerating brains.finding0.849
  Example of memory dynamics during extreme regeneration.
• Memory retention in planarian tail fragment regenerationfinding0.847
• Planaria retain conditioned responses after complete brain regenerationfinding0.844
  Worms trained before decapitation re-acquire the memory after regenerating a new brain, showing transfer of information across tissues.
• Planarian fragments regenerate with near 100% fidelity of anatomical structurefinding0.841
  Planarians cut into pieces regenerate precisely what is missing and re-scale tissue to form complete worms.
• Modification of cell-cell communication during planarian regeneration causes genetically-normal fragments to produce heads appropriate to other species (Emmons-Bell et al. 2015, Sullivan et al. 2016)finding0.837
  Shows that morphological attractors can be switched via physiological cues, revealing the navigation of morphospace by collectives.
• Planarian fragments regenerating from bioelectrically re-patterned tissue produce permanent two-headed phenotype, demonstrating transient bioelectric states can produce lasting morphological memory changes.finding0.835
  Key evidence that morphogenetic memories are stored in bioelectric circuits and are rewritable via transient voltage state modifications; memory persists across multiple regeneration cycles.