Modification of cell-cell communication during planarian regeneration causes genetically-normal fragments to produce heads appropriate to other species (Emmons-Bell et al. 2015, Sullivan et al. 2016)

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• Planarians derived from tail fragments of trained worms retain original information after brain regenerationfinding0.837
  Behavioral memories in planaria persist through complete brain regeneration, indicating movement of memory across tissues.
• Planarian fragments regenerate with near 100% fidelity of anatomical structurefinding0.832
  Planarians cut into pieces regenerate precisely what is missing and re-scale tissue to form complete worms.
• Planarian fragments regenerating from bioelectrically re-patterned tissue produce permanent two-headed phenotype, demonstrating transient bioelectric states can produce lasting morphological memory changes.finding0.832
  Key evidence that morphogenetic memories are stored in bioelectric circuits and are rewritable via transient voltage state modifications; memory persists across multiple regeneration cycles.
• The same wild-type genome can produce 1-, 2-, or 0-headed planaria depending on bioelectric history, showing that anatomical outcome is not directly encoded in the genome.claim0.821
  Demonstrates the role of epigenetic bioelectric software.
• Genetically wild-type planaria can be induced to adopt head shapes of other species by brief bioelectric modulation, crossing 100-150 My evolutionary distance in days.finding0.810
  From Sullivan et al. 2016 and Emmons-Bell et al. 2015; demonstrates that large morphospace distances can be crossed by physiological manipulation.
• Manipulation of resting potential pattern in planaria stably alters target morphology (head number) despite wild-type genetics.finding0.804
  Transient bioelectric perturbation with ion channel drugs/RNAi permanently alters the number of heads regenerated even in subsequent rounds without further treatment, demonstrating bioelectric pattern memory.
• Planarians maintain high regenerative fidelity despite genetic heterogeneity and chromosomal variationfinding0.802
• Brief bioelectric manipulation can stably convert wild-type planaria to a two-headed target morphology that persists through regeneration.finding0.797
  From Durant et al. 2017; shows bioelectric pattern memory is reprogrammable without genomic change.