The same wild-type genome can produce 1-, 2-, or 0-headed planaria depending on bioelectric history, showing that anatomical outcome is not directly encoded in the genome.

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• Planaria permanently generate two-headed forms despite completely wild-type genetic sequence after bioelectric pattern rewriting.finding0.887
  Demonstrates that anatomical outcomes can be reprogrammed at the bioelectric level independently of DNA, inverting the software/hardware metaphor
• Genetically wild-type planaria can be induced to adopt head shapes of other species by brief bioelectric modulation, crossing 100-150 My evolutionary distance in days.finding0.849
  From Sullivan et al. 2016 and Emmons-Bell et al. 2015; demonstrates that large morphospace distances can be crossed by physiological manipulation.
• Brief bioelectric manipulation can stably convert wild-type planaria to a two-headed target morphology that persists through regeneration.finding0.829
  From Durant et al. 2017; shows bioelectric pattern memory is reprogrammable without genomic change.
• Manipulation of resting potential pattern in planaria stably alters target morphology (head number) despite wild-type genetics.finding0.828
  Transient bioelectric perturbation with ion channel drugs/RNAi permanently alters the number of heads regenerated even in subsequent rounds without further treatment, demonstrating bioelectric pattern memory.
• Modification of cell-cell communication during planarian regeneration causes genetically-normal fragments to produce heads appropriate to other species (Emmons-Bell et al. 2015, Sullivan et al. 2016)finding0.821
  Shows that morphological attractors can be switched via physiological cues, revealing the navigation of morphospace by collectives.
• Permanent two-headed planarians created by manipulating bioelectric circuits.finding0.820
  From Oviedo et al. (2010) and Durant et al. (2017), shows memory of anatomical set points beyond genomic default.
• Bioelectric perturbation permanently alters planarian head number to two-headed or zero-headedfinding0.819
  Manipulation of Vmem via gap junction or ion channel drugs rewrites pattern memory, causing planaria to regenerate with stable, heritable aberrant head numbers.
• Planaria reproduce by fissioning without a cellular population bottleneck and accumulate somatic diversity, yet maintain holistic morphology and behaviour (Lobo et al. 2012)finding0.815
  Finding showing genetic heterogeneity is not necessary for organismic individuality