Genetically wild-type planaria can be induced to adopt head shapes of other species by brief bioelectric modulation, crossing 100-150 My evolutionary distance in days.

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• Brief bioelectric manipulation can stably convert wild-type planaria to a two-headed target morphology that persists through regeneration.finding0.873
  From Durant et al. 2017; shows bioelectric pattern memory is reprogrammable without genomic change.
• Planaria permanently generate two-headed forms despite completely wild-type genetic sequence after bioelectric pattern rewriting.finding0.862
  Demonstrates that anatomical outcomes can be reprogrammed at the bioelectric level independently of DNA, inverting the software/hardware metaphor
• Manipulation of resting potential pattern in planaria stably alters target morphology (head number) despite wild-type genetics.finding0.849
  Transient bioelectric perturbation with ion channel drugs/RNAi permanently alters the number of heads regenerated even in subsequent rounds without further treatment, demonstrating bioelectric pattern memory.
• The same wild-type genome can produce 1-, 2-, or 0-headed planaria depending on bioelectric history, showing that anatomical outcome is not directly encoded in the genome.claim0.849
  Demonstrates the role of epigenetic bioelectric software.
• Planaria adapt to barium by transcriptional adjustment of a handful of genes, restoring head morphology despite blocked potassium channels.finding0.830
  From Emmons-Bell et al. 2019; demonstrates physiological problem-solving in a novel stressor, no selection history.
• Transient bioelectrical modulation of body-wide pattern memory circuits in planaria can shift them from one-headed to persistent two-headed state, persisting through amputation rounds until reset with different manipulation.finding0.828
  Experimental evidence that organism-scale goals can be rewritten through physiological signals without genetic modification; demonstrates bioelectricity as cognitive medium.
• Bioelectrical modulation can revert two-headed planaria back to normal (Durant et al. 2017).finding0.818
  Shows reversibility of bioelectric pattern memory.
• In planaria, the most depolarized region becomes the head; altering bioelectric pattern changes head location and number (Beane et al. 2011, Durant et al. 2017)finding0.818
  The collective interprets relative voltage differences, not absolute values, to decide anterior identity.