In planaria, the most depolarized region becomes the head; altering bioelectric pattern changes head location and number (Beane et al. 2011, Durant et al. 2017)

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• Bioelectric Head Patterning in Planariafinding0.856
  Bioelectric gradients regionalize gene expression to determine head structure in planaria; system can be hijacked by microbes to control host head number and morphology.
• Transient bioelectrical modulation of body-wide pattern memory circuits in planaria can shift them from one-headed to persistent two-headed state, persisting through amputation rounds until reset with different manipulation.finding0.846
  Experimental evidence that organism-scale goals can be rewritten through physiological signals without genetic modification; demonstrates bioelectricity as cognitive medium.
• Bioelectric perturbation permanently alters planarian head number to two-headed or zero-headedfinding0.828
  Manipulation of Vmem via gap junction or ion channel drugs rewrites pattern memory, causing planaria to regenerate with stable, heritable aberrant head numbers.
• Bioelectrical modulation can revert two-headed planaria back to normal (Durant et al. 2017).finding0.820
  Shows reversibility of bioelectric pattern memory.
• Bioelectric signatures control morphogenetic target patterns; transient bioelectrical modulation in planaria produces persistent two-headed phenotype.finding0.820
• Genetically wild-type planaria can be induced to adopt head shapes of other species by brief bioelectric modulation, crossing 100-150 My evolutionary distance in days.finding0.818
  From Sullivan et al. 2016 and Emmons-Bell et al. 2015; demonstrates that large morphospace distances can be crossed by physiological manipulation.
• Manipulation of resting potential pattern in planaria stably alters target morphology (head number) despite wild-type genetics.finding0.812
  Transient bioelectric perturbation with ion channel drugs/RNAi permanently alters the number of heads regenerated even in subsequent rounds without further treatment, demonstrating bioelectric pattern memory.
• Brief bioelectric manipulation can stably convert wild-type planaria to a two-headed target morphology that persists through regeneration.finding0.809
  From Durant et al. 2017; shows bioelectric pattern memory is reprogrammable without genomic change.