Bioelectric signatures control morphogenetic target patterns; transient bioelectrical modulation in planaria produces persistent two-headed phenotype.

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• Transient bioelectrical modulation of body-wide pattern memory circuits in planaria can shift them from one-headed to persistent two-headed state, persisting through amputation rounds until reset with different manipulation.finding0.885
  Experimental evidence that organism-scale goals can be rewritten through physiological signals without genetic modification; demonstrates bioelectricity as cognitive medium.
• Transient bioelectrical modulation shifts planarians to persistent two-headed regenerative state despite unaltered genomes; phenotype persists through subsequent amputations.finding0.862
  Empirical validation of hypothesis that morphogenetic targets encoded in bioelectric networks can be rewritten without genetic modification.
• Planarian fragments regenerating from bioelectrically re-patterned tissue produce permanent two-headed phenotype, demonstrating transient bioelectric states can produce lasting morphological memory changes.finding0.842
  Key evidence that morphogenetic memories are stored in bioelectric circuits and are rewritable via transient voltage state modifications; memory persists across multiple regeneration cycles.
• Brief bioelectric manipulation can stably convert wild-type planaria to a two-headed target morphology that persists through regeneration.finding0.836
  From Durant et al. 2017; shows bioelectric pattern memory is reprogrammable without genomic change.
• Bioelectric Head Patterning in Planariafinding0.834
  Bioelectric gradients regionalize gene expression to determine head structure in planaria; system can be hijacked by microbes to control host head number and morphology.
• Bioelectrical modulation can revert two-headed planaria back to normal (Durant et al. 2017).finding0.833
  Shows reversibility of bioelectric pattern memory.
• Transient perturbation of bioelectric states produces stable two-headed planaria that regenerate truefinding0.833
  Manipulating gap junctions or ion channels can permanently alter the target morphology in planaria, resulting in two-headed animals that regenerate two heads without further intervention.
• Ionophore exposure induces stable two-headed bioelectric pattern in planarians with normal genome and (initially) normal anatomy/gene expressionfinding0.829
  Demonstrates that goal-state patterns are stored bioelectrically, separate from genetics, and can be rewritten.