Planaria reproduce by fissioning without a cellular population bottleneck and accumulate somatic diversity, yet maintain holistic morphology and behaviour (Lobo et al. 2012)

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• Planarians maintain high regenerative fidelity despite genetic heterogeneity and chromosomal variationfinding0.823
• The same wild-type genome can produce 1-, 2-, or 0-headed planaria depending on bioelectric history, showing that anatomical outcome is not directly encoded in the genome.claim0.815
  Demonstrates the role of epigenetic bioelectric software.
• Genetically wild-type planaria can be induced to adopt head shapes of other species by brief bioelectric modulation, crossing 100-150 My evolutionary distance in days.finding0.807
  From Sullivan et al. 2016 and Emmons-Bell et al. 2015; demonstrates that large morphospace distances can be crossed by physiological manipulation.
• Planaria have fully committed to a strategy that overrides genetic details with large-scale pattern completion.claim0.806
  Interpretive claim explaining planarian robustness as top-down morphogenetic intelligence.
• Modification of cell-cell communication during planarian regeneration causes genetically-normal fragments to produce heads appropriate to other species (Emmons-Bell et al. 2015, Sullivan et al. 2016)finding0.790
  Shows that morphological attractors can be switched via physiological cues, revealing the navigation of morphospace by collectives.
• Planaria maintain memories and re-imprint them from tail fragments onto newly regenerating brains.finding0.789
  Example of memory dynamics during extreme regeneration.
• Planaria permanently generate two-headed forms despite completely wild-type genetic sequence after bioelectric pattern rewriting.finding0.788
  Demonstrates that anatomical outcomes can be reprogrammed at the bioelectric level independently of DNA, inverting the software/hardware metaphor
• Manipulation of resting potential pattern in planaria stably alters target morphology (head number) despite wild-type genetics.finding0.782
  Transient bioelectric perturbation with ion channel drugs/RNAi permanently alters the number of heads regenerated even in subsequent rounds without further treatment, demonstrating bioelectric pattern memory.