Newt kidney tubule cells, when artificially enlarged, can bend a single cell around itself to achieve correct tubule diameter, illustrating top-down control over molecular mechanisms.

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• Newt kidney tubule lumen diameter is maintained with fewer, larger cells by switching to a single-cell wrapping mechanismfinding0.880
  When cell size is artificially enlarged, tubule formation adapts by reducing cell count and eventually using cytoskeletal bending within one cell.
• Polyploid newts maintain normal kidney tubule size via cell number adjustment or single-cell wrapping, using different molecular mechanisms.finding0.877
  From Fankhauser 1945; illustrates top-down control where large-scale morphology is maintained despite drastically wrong cell size.
• Polyploid newts maintain normal kidney tubule diameters using fewer, larger cells.finding0.858
  Fankhauser 1945 finding on anatomical regulation despite ploidy changes.
• Single enlarged cells can form proper tubules through cytoskeletal bending alonefinding0.836
• Enlarged polyploid cells produce normal-sized kidney tubules by adjusting cell number and using cytoskeletal bendingfinding0.818
  Shows diverse molecular mechanisms serve higher-level anatomical specification despite radical changes in cell size and quantity.
• Polyploid Newt Kidney Tubule Adaptationfinding0.793
  Engineered polyploid newts with abnormally large cells and extra chromosomes develop normal kidney tubule diameters by switching molecular mechanisms on-the-fly.
• Kidney tubules form correctly despite altered cell size and numberfinding0.783
• Target morphology shifts occur despite the fact that all of the individual cells have unaltered normal genomes, showing that competent subunits can be pushed to implement diverse organism-scale goals by physiological signals.claim0.733
  Highlights the non-genetic control of large-scale anatomy.