Enlarged polyploid cells produce normal-sized kidney tubules by adjusting cell number and using cytoskeletal bending

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• Polyploid newts maintain normal kidney tubule size via cell number adjustment or single-cell wrapping, using different molecular mechanisms.finding0.877
  From Fankhauser 1945; illustrates top-down control where large-scale morphology is maintained despite drastically wrong cell size.
• Polyploid newts maintain normal kidney tubule diameters using fewer, larger cells.finding0.865
  Fankhauser 1945 finding on anatomical regulation despite ploidy changes.
• Newt kidney tubule cells produce correct tubule diameter using fewer cells when cell size is enlarged; a single enlarged cell can loop to achieve the same diameter (Fankhauser 1945).finding0.857
  Shows multi-scale anatomical homeostasis using different cellular mechanisms.
• Polyploid newt kidney tubules use fewer, larger cells to maintain identical organ-level structurefinding0.840
  Illustrates that anatomical goals are pursued via flexible molecular mechanisms rather than fixed cell-count programs.
• Enlarged newt cells compensate for increased size by adjusting cell number and can form kidney tubule from a single cell wrapped around itself.finding0.835
  When cell size was doubled, tubules used fewer cells; when quadrupled, a single cell formed the tubule by cytoskeletal deformation, maintaining correct lumen diameter.
• Single enlarged cells can form proper tubules through cytoskeletal bending alonefinding0.821
• Kidney tubules form correctly despite altered cell size and numberfinding0.819
• Newt kidney tubule cells, when artificially enlarged, can bend a single cell around itself to achieve correct tubule diameter, illustrating top-down control over molecular mechanisms.claim0.818
  Extreme example of regulative flexibility.