Plants synthesize and signal with common neurotransmitters including glutamate and display action-potential-like depolarizations.

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• Plants can integrate chemical, electrical, optical, and mechanical signals to discriminate kin from non-kin and they can compete or cooperate with neighbouring organisms.claim0.815
  Summary claim about plant cognitive abilities from S&C's review.
• Plants Display Action-Potential-Like Depolarizations Along Vascular Networksfinding0.798
• Plants display goal-directed, anticipatory, flexible, and adaptive behaviors including kin discrimination, cooperation, mimicry, and risk evaluationfinding0.771
  Empirical evidence from plant neurobiology showing behavioral patterns historically attributed to animal sentience.
• How do plants achieve sentience without nervous tissue or centralized processor?question0.761
  Question posed and addressed by Rouleau & Levin; drives the argument that substrate independence applies to sentience.
• Plants display context-dependent habituation responses, learn to avoid otherwise neutral stimuli by paired association (classical conditioning), re-orient themselves in anticipation of reinforcements, and evaluate risk to inform game-theoretic decision-making.claim0.748
  Summary of sophisticated plant behaviours that support the inference of cognition.
• How do plants achieve felt states without nervous tissue and centralized brain-like processors?question0.748
• Plants engage in mimicry to avoid predation and can even exploit the perceptual biases of animals within a single lifecycle.claim0.745
  Further evidence of complex, adaptive plant behaviour.
• Plants' behaviours are fundamentally cognitive because they are goal-directed, anticipatory, flexible, and adaptive, unlike simple reflexes, which are comparatively rigid, typically inborn, and do not require any accompanying mental action.claim0.743
  Characterization of plant behaviours as cognitive, beyond reflexes.