Plants can integrate chemical, electrical, optical, and mechanical signals to discriminate kin from non-kin and they can compete or cooperate with neighbouring organisms.

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• Plants display goal-directed, anticipatory, flexible, and adaptive behaviors including kin discrimination, cooperation, mimicry, and risk evaluationfinding0.827
  Empirical evidence from plant neurobiology showing behavioral patterns historically attributed to animal sentience.
• Plants synthesize and signal with common neurotransmitters including glutamate and display action-potential-like depolarizations.finding0.815
• If different organizations of nervous tissue can achieve the same functions, the possibility that cognitive capacities, including sentience, can be achieved by other tissues should be considered.claim0.792
  Conditional claim urging consideration of non-neural tissues for cognition.
• Plants engage in mimicry to avoid predation and can even exploit the perceptual biases of animals within a single lifecycle.claim0.791
  Further evidence of complex, adaptive plant behaviour.
• There is no privileged material substrate for Selves; cognition can arise in neurons, single cells, plants, tissues, swarms, and engineered systems.claim0.790
  Second foundational pillar of TAME; supports basal cognition and rejects brain-centrism.
• How do plants achieve sentience without nervous tissue or centralized processor?question0.787
  Question posed and addressed by Rouleau & Levin; drives the argument that substrate independence applies to sentience.
• Organismic individuality can be separated from genetics: integration and collective action occur in non-neural systems.finding0.784
  Empirical findings from developmental biology (Manicka & Levin, Lyon et al.) supporting mechanistic basis for individuality independent of genetic determination.
• Plants display context-dependent habituation responses, learn to avoid otherwise neutral stimuli by paired association (classical conditioning), re-orient themselves in anticipation of reinforcements, and evaluate risk to inform game-theoretic decision-making.claim0.783
  Summary of sophisticated plant behaviours that support the inference of cognition.