Plants display context-dependent habituation responses, learn to avoid otherwise neutral stimuli by paired association (classical conditioning), re-orient themselves in anticipation of reinforcements, and evaluate risk to inform game-theoretic decision-making.

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• Plants display goal-directed, anticipatory, flexible, and adaptive behaviors including kin discrimination, cooperation, mimicry, and risk evaluationfinding0.855
  Empirical evidence from plant neurobiology showing behavioral patterns historically attributed to animal sentience.
• Plants' behaviours are fundamentally cognitive because they are goal-directed, anticipatory, flexible, and adaptive, unlike simple reflexes, which are comparatively rigid, typically inborn, and do not require any accompanying mental action.claim0.834
  Characterization of plant behaviours as cognitive, beyond reflexes.
• Plants engage in mimicry to avoid predation and can even exploit the perceptual biases of animals within a single lifecycle.claim0.817
  Further evidence of complex, adaptive plant behaviour.
• Plants can integrate chemical, electrical, optical, and mechanical signals to discriminate kin from non-kin and they can compete or cooperate with neighbouring organisms.claim0.783
  Summary claim about plant cognitive abilities from S&C's review.
• Are behavior and intelligence terms that can apply to plants?question0.775
  Secondary question the authors suggest their framework helps address by providing richer conceptual tools
• Behavioural patterns associated with subjective experiences in humans are considered valid for inferring cognition in non-human animals but not in diverse other systems including plants.claim0.770
  The double standard pointed out by S&C and endorsed by the authors.
• Separate dopaminergic pathways mediate approach and avoidance learning, with biological training via positive reinforcement producing qualitatively different affective profiles than punishment-based trainingfinding0.770
  Evidence that training signal structure shapes experiential profile, relevant to AI training ethics
• Cognition and learning are substrate-independent; principles of basal cognition can be implemented by any network with signals and non-linear responses to weighted inputs.claim0.765
  Core thesis that cognitive principles transcend neural substrates, enabling application to gene-regulatory, ecological, and social networks.