Mammalian embryos overcome drastic perturbations such as amputation, and early embryo splitting results in normal monozygotic twins.

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• Embryos cut into pieces across many species produce normal monozygotic twins/triplets rather than half-bodiesfinding0.865
  Classic regulative-development evidence for goal-directed (not merely mechanical) morphogenesis.
• Temporary introduction of breaks in the embryonic blastoderm results in twins, triplets, etc. (Lutz 1949)finding0.798
  Demonstrates that the blastoderm is a dynamical excitable medium where multiple coherent embryos can self-organize, not fixed by genetics.
• Stress-sharing embryos achieve perfect sequential target patterns; non-sharing limited to <1% improvement.finding0.791
  Stress-sharing embryos formed each sequential target with stress reducing to zero; non-sharing achieved only tiny improvements.
• Scratching an embryonic blastoderm can produce multiple independent, viable embryos (conjoined twins, triplets, etc.) (McMillen & Levin).finding0.789
  Empirical support for the claim that the number of selves in an embryo is not genetically fixed.
• Developing Xenopus tadpoles can attain normal anatomical outcome despite starting with craniofacial organs scrambled or with wrong number of cells.finding0.788
  Evidence of morphogenetic problem-solving and anatomical homeostasis across serious perturbations; demonstrates collective intelligence in development.
• In stress-sharing embryo, average stress reduced to zero at step 40 during sequential target morphogenesis; without-sharing stress settled at non-zero with <55 cells movingfinding0.779
  Shows stress sharing allows perfect formation of part-by-part target patterns.
• Waves of ATP mediate morphogenetic information sharing and teratogen resistance among groups of embryos.finding0.771
  Tung et al. 2024 finding on cross-embryo morphogenetic assistance (CEMA).
• Sharing of stress between cells facilitates morphogenesis and increases robustness of morphogenetic outcomes.hypothesis0.761
  Prior hypothesis tested in the paper; from Levin 2022.