Embryos cut into pieces across many species produce normal monozygotic twins/triplets rather than half-bodies

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• Mammalian embryos overcome drastic perturbations such as amputation, and early embryo splitting results in normal monozygotic twins.finding0.865
  Demonstrates mammalian regulative capacity and robust self-organization.
• Scratching an embryonic blastoderm can produce multiple independent, viable embryos (conjoined twins, triplets, etc.) (McMillen & Levin).finding0.786
  Empirical support for the claim that the number of selves in an embryo is not genetically fixed.
• Temporary introduction of breaks in the embryonic blastoderm results in twins, triplets, etc. (Lutz 1949)finding0.783
  Demonstrates that the blastoderm is a dynamical excitable medium where multiple coherent embryos can self-organize, not fixed by genetics.
• The same wild-type genome can produce 1-, 2-, or 0-headed planaria depending on bioelectric history, showing that anatomical outcome is not directly encoded in the genome.claim0.768
  Demonstrates the role of epigenetic bioelectric software.
• Modification of cell-cell communication during planarian regeneration causes genetically-normal fragments to produce heads appropriate to other species (Emmons-Bell et al. 2015, Sullivan et al. 2016)finding0.767
  Shows that morphological attractors can be switched via physiological cues, revealing the navigation of morphospace by collectives.
• Morphogenesis guarantees that coherent wholes will form even while the piecemeal process allows each place to be unique.claim0.752
  Key property of morphogenetic process: it produces both unity and diversity simultaneously.
• Natural selection can evolve phenotypic plasticity that solves division of labour games in two-player collectives (Tudge et al. 2016)finding0.745
  Shows plasticity as solution to HFHF in minimal models with homogeneous genotypes
• Target morphology shifts occur despite the fact that all of the individual cells have unaltered normal genomes, showing that competent subunits can be pushed to implement diverse organism-scale goals by physiological signals.claim0.744
  Highlights the non-genetic control of large-scale anatomy.