Ectopic Eye Induction via Ion Channel Modulation

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• Misexpression of a single ion channel induces complete ectopic eye formation in gut endoderm of vertebrates.finding0.837
  Setting cells to an eye-like bioelectric prepattern via ion channel manipulation creates fully formed eyes in abnormal locations, where the master gene Pax6 is insufficient.
• Ectopic Eye Formation via Bioelectric Signalingfinding0.830
  Misexpression of potassium channels in frog tadpole gut or tail induces formation of complete, functional eyes in ectopic locations; demonstrates that morphogenetic modules can be triggered by high-level bioelectric signals without specifying molecular details.
• Ion channel-modified cells recruit neighbors to complete eye organogenesisfinding0.820
  Ectopic eyes induced by ion channel misexpression; if few cells injected, they recruit unmanipulated neighbors to produce normal-sized eyes—collective recruitment competency.
• Voltage-induced ectopic eye formation in tadpolesfinding0.796
• Ectopic eyes formed in frog embryo tails still function; eye primordia cells succeed in forming an eye, optic nerve, and correct neural connections despite abnormal spatial context.finding0.762
• Tadpoles with ectopic eyes on tail can see and integrate sensory input from aberrant locationfinding0.756
  Demonstrates neural plasticity: brain adapts behavioral programs to sensory input from abnormal anatomical locations within single organism lifetime.
• Tadpoles with ectopic eyes on their tails can see out of them, demonstrating radical functional plasticity without evolutionary adaptation.claim0.751
  Example of innate problem-solving capacity.
• Ectopic eyes on tadpole tails support visual learning despite connecting to the spinal cord.finding0.750
  From Blackiston & Levin (2013), shows plasticity of brain and body.