Xenopus tadpole craniofacial organs rearrange toward a specific target morphology of a frog regardless of starting configuration, demonstrating goal-directed anatomical homeostasis.

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• Developing Xenopus tadpoles can attain normal anatomical outcome despite starting with craniofacial organs scrambled or with wrong number of cells.finding0.865
  Evidence of morphogenetic problem-solving and anatomical homeostasis across serious perturbations; demonstrates collective intelligence in development.
• Xenopus tadpoles with scrambled craniofacial structures rearrange to form normal frog faces.finding0.855
  From Vandenberg et al. 2012; demonstrates anatomical homeostasis beyond hardwired movements.
• Tadpoles with scrambled craniofacial organ positions (Picasso tadpoles) develop into largely normal frogs.finding0.833
  When eyes, nostrils, and jaws were mispositioned, they moved via novel trajectories and stopped upon reaching correct frog face positions, demonstrating anatomical homeostasis.
• Tadpoles with displaced craniofacial organs can still develop normal face through organ movement.finding0.817
  From Vandenberg et al. (2012) and Pinet et al. (2019), reveals regulative morphogenesis.
• Vandenberg et al. 2012 normalized craniofacial morphology in perturbed Xenopus tadpolesconcept0.814
  Cited as evidence for anatomical goal-directedness regardless of starting configuration
• Tadpoles achieve normal frog faces despite organ misplacementfinding0.803
  Empirical example of regulative development: when craniofacial organs are positioned abnormally, they reposition via non-natural paths until correct frog face is achieved.
• Xenopus tadpoles with ectopic eyes on tail can see and navigate using novel visual system without evolutionary adaptation or genetic modification.finding0.780
  Empirical evidence of functional plasticity and radical phenotypic change at individual level; demonstrates cellular hardware adaptation to novel configurations.
• Ectopic eyes in the tails of Xenopus tadpoles allow the animals to see and connect optic nerve to spinal cord (Blackiston & Levin 2013).finding0.774
  Demonstrates competence of eye primordia to achieve function in novel locations.