Placebo analgesia reduces activity in thalamus, insula, and ACC during pain while increasing prefrontal activity during anticipation

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• Nocebo hyperalgesia amplifies pain processing as far downstream as the spinal cordfinding0.773
  Demonstrates top-down evaluative modulation reaches peripheral processing stages
• Positive expectancy doubled the analgesic benefit of remifentanil while negative expectancy completely abolished it, with drug concentration and thermal stimulation held fixed within the same participantsfinding0.754
  The strongest demonstration that goal-state alone determines valence of a fixed sensory input
• PET imaging demonstrates actual µ-opioid release during placebo in evaluative regions including ACC, anterior insula, and nucleus accumbensfinding0.751
  Neurochemical evidence ruling out response bias in placebo analgesia
• Placebo Analgesia Paradigmmethod0.748
  Experimental paradigm holding sensory input constant while manipulating expectations; provides key evidence
• General anesthetics are gap junction blockers, consistent with the role of gap junctions in scaling consciousness.claim0.747
  Links anesthesia mechanism to the bioelectric binding model of higher-level Selves.
• General anesthesia works by blocking gap junctions, thereby disrupting the higher-level cognitive self.hypothesis0.746
  Explains why anesthetics abolish consciousness in diverse organisms, including plants.
• Placebo and Nocebo Effectsconcept0.724
  Paradigms holding sensory input constant while manipulating expectations; provide the cleanest evidence for goal-state modulating valence
• CLMAS can potentially reduce or remove the need for NN stimulation during alignment training in biological settingsclaim0.723
  Forward-looking claim about the practical utility of CLMAS for ANN-BNN comparisons with limited causal access.