Nocebo hyperalgesia amplifies pain processing as far downstream as the spinal cord

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• Placebo analgesia reduces activity in thalamus, insula, and ACC during pain while increasing prefrontal activity during anticipationfinding0.773
  Neural evidence that placebo effects target evaluative rather than primary sensory circuits
• Meta-analysis demonstrates negative affect, physical pain, and cognitive control activate an overlapping region of the anterior midcingulate cortex functioning as a domain-general evaluative hubfinding0.714
  Meta-analytic convergence supporting inseparability of evaluative and affective processing in ACC
• Berluti et al. 2020 - Reduced multivoxel pattern similarity of vicarious neural pain responses in psychopathyconcept0.706
  Neuroscience finding showing reduced neural overlap in psychopathic individuals
• Social exclusion activates the same ACC region as physical pain, with activation correlating r=0.88 with self-reported distressfinding0.697
  Evidence for domain-generality of evaluative-affective ACC signal
• The chronic pain agent's relief-seeking cycle provides a computational parallel to negative reinforcement in addictionclaim0.694
  Author's psychological interpretation of chronic agent behavior as analogous to addiction dynamics
• "Pain is a core component of adaptive learning...signals that encode internal evaluations that guide the agent through complex environments."quote0.691
  Load-bearing motivation for using pain as a learning signal in the computational framework
• The chronic pain model outperforms the normal pain model in non-stationary environments despite producing negative well-beingclaim0.691
  Surprising finding that maladaptive perception can yield superior task performance in changing environments
• Analgesia preference can be studied and demonstrated in non-neural morphogenetic agentshypothesis0.689