Many kinds of chemical pathways, not just cells or neurons, can exhibit six different types of learning, suggesting representational time is exploited broadly across living subsystems.

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• The huge chemical complexity within each synapse suggests that neural models of cognition that refer only to changing weights of synaptic connections and ignore sub-neural chemistry are probably ignoring some of the most important explanatory mechanisms in brains.claim0.824
  Sloman's critique of mainstream neural network theories.
• Cognitive functions, including sentience, can potentially be achieved by very different systems and their disparate substrates.claim0.801
  Central multiple-realizability claim of the paper, from abstract and §2.
• All neuronal processing and action selection minimize variational free energy, unifying perception, action, and learning.claim0.798
  Fundamental assertion: single imperative (free energy minimization) explains diverse cognitive and neural phenomena.
• Separate dopaminergic pathways mediate approach and avoidance learning, with biological training via positive reinforcement producing qualitatively different affective profiles than punishment-based trainingfinding0.796
  Evidence that training signal structure shapes experiential profile, relevant to AI training ethics
• Multiscale systems like those prevalent in biology are capable of organizing into complex patterns, whereas rudimentary language models are challenged by long sequences of outputs.claim0.794
  Conclusion about why biology organizes complexity well and flat LLMs do not
• Gene regulatory networks can evolve associative memory, storing and recalling multiple phenotypes from partial selective cues (Watson et al. 2010)finding0.794
  Demonstrates information integration in evolutionary systems with system-level selection
• If different organizations of nervous tissue can achieve the same functions, the possibility that cognitive capacities, including sentience, can be achieved by other tissues should be considered.claim0.793
  Conditional claim urging consideration of non-neural tissues for cognition.
• If sub-neural chemical dynamics are crucial for cognition, then neural models ignoring them will fail to capture key cognitive phenomena.hypothesis0.793
  Sloman's implicit hypothesis behind his critique of synaptic weight-only models.