Midbrain dopamine neurons fire above baseline for rewards better than predicted, at baseline for matching predictions, and below baseline for worse-than-predicted rewards, matching the temporal difference error

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• Dopamine discharge encodes changes in expected free energy under posterior vs. prior policy beliefs, representing precision updates.claim0.784
  Links dopamine to precision modulation; reward prediction error reflects expected free energy changes.
• Dopamine encodes the conditional certainty or precision of predictionsclaim0.767
  Broader role for dopamine beyond reward signalling, influencing top-down/bottom-up balance.
• Separate dopaminergic pathways mediate approach and avoidance learning, with biological training via positive reinforcement producing qualitatively different affective profiles than punishment-based trainingfinding0.761
  Evidence that training signal structure shapes experiential profile, relevant to AI training ethics
• fMRI showed increased right hemisphere anterior superior temporal gyrus activity for insight solutions, with EEG showing a gamma-band burst in the same region beginning 0.3s prior to insight (Jung-Beeman et al., 2004).finding0.760
  Neural correlate of insight used to support prediction about early neural activity following structure learning
• Performance-optimized hierarchical models predict neural responses in higher visual cortex (Yamins et al., 2014)concept0.758
  Demonstrated CNN representations predict neurons in visual cortex; background motivation for neural-network-brain correspondence.
• Split-brain patients and other aspects of cognitive neuroscience demonstrate that higher-level cognitive processes lack infallible access to lower-level processes and construct plausible post-hoc explanationsfinding0.756
  Cited as empirical evidence that confabulation is universal in biological cognition, not AI-specific
• Some MLP neurons and attention heads perform memory management by reading residual stream information and writing its negative to delete itclaim0.756
  Hypothesis based on observed negative cosine similarity between input and output weights of some neurons
• Simulated electrophysiological responses show onset of discriminatory neural activity much earlier after rule learning than before, due solely to learned likelihood mappings enabling retrospective inference.finding0.755
  Predicted neural signature of insight: reduced ERP latency and increased early amplitude