If collective characters are determined by aggregative sum of particle characters, collective is explanatorily redundant in selection

Entities in the same semantic neighborhood but without a typed relation to this one — candidates for new edges or unrecognized duplicates.

• When direction of selection on particle character depends on context (other particles), particle character does not determine its own fitness; the collective is not redundantclaim0.850
  Formal condition for meaningful higher-level individual
• For collectives to be meaningful evolutionary units, fitness interactions must be non-linearly separable, not merely non-aggregative.claim0.800
  Strengthens distinction between monotonic non-linear interactions (explanatorily redundant) and non-decomposable interactions (causally significant).
• How Can Nondecomposable Collective Characters Produce Particle Fitnessquestion0.796
• Natural selection can evolve phenotypic plasticity that solves division of labour games in two-player collectives (Tudge et al. 2016)finding0.772
  Shows plasticity as solution to HFHF in minimal models with homogeneous genotypes
• The collective often displays new behaviors or preferences that are not simply the sum of individual cell behaviors.claim0.768
  Key property of collective intelligence: emergent behaviors at the group level.
• To be a bona fide evolutionary unit, a collective must exhibit heritable variation in reproductive success that belongs properly to the collective level – over and above the sum of that exhibited by its component parts.claim0.767
  Formal requirement for evolutionary individuality.
• H1: Individuality requires a dynamical process (development), mediating the plastic expression of components in the context of one another, with the specific form of computing a collective character that is a non-linearly separable function of (embryonic) particle characters, with the effect of coordinating reproduction based on this collective character.hypothesis0.766
  Main hypothesis about the architecture of individuality
• We explore the hypothesis that collective intelligence is not only the province of groups of animals, and that an important symmetry exists between the behavioral science of swarms and the competencies of cells and other biological systems at different scales.hypothesis0.763
  The paper's guiding hypothesis, explicitly stated in the abstract and introduction.