To be a bona fide evolutionary unit, a collective must exhibit heritable variation in reproductive success that belongs properly to the collective level – over and above the sum of that exhibited by its component parts.

Entities in the same semantic neighborhood but without a typed relation to this one — candidates for new edges or unrecognized duplicates.

• For a new level of individuality to have causal role as evolutionary unit, heritable fitness differences must be non-aggregative (not decomposable into lower-level differences).claim0.845
  Core claim: monotonic non-linearities are insufficient; evolutionary outcomes must change depending on context.
• For collectives to be meaningful evolutionary units, fitness interactions must be non-linearly separable, not merely non-aggregative.claim0.833
  Strengthens distinction between monotonic non-linear interactions (explanatorily redundant) and non-decomposable interactions (causally significant).
• The kind of relationships necessary to produce evolutionary individuality – the generation and heritability of fitness differences at the collective level – are the same as those required to produce organismic individuality – the information integration and collective action characteristic of a self.claim0.816
  Core conjecture linking evolutionary and organismic individuality.
• H1: Individuality requires a dynamical process (development), mediating the plastic expression of components in the context of one another, with the specific form of computing a collective character that is a non-linearly separable function of (embryonic) particle characters, with the effect of coordinating reproduction based on this collective character.hypothesis0.806
  Main hypothesis about the architecture of individuality
• The collective often displays new behaviors or preferences that are not simply the sum of individual cell behaviors.claim0.779
  Key property of collective intelligence: emergent behaviors at the group level.
• For an intelligence to belong properly to a collective, it must arise not from the cleverness of its members but from having the right kind of functional relationships between them.concept0.777
• Evolutionary transitions must be explained by bottom-up selection on existing lower-level units without presupposing higher-level unitclaim0.776
• Natural selection can evolve phenotypic plasticity that solves division of labour games in two-player collectives (Tudge et al. 2016)finding0.773
  Shows plasticity as solution to HFHF in minimal models with homogeneous genotypes