Is causal emergence ontological or epistemological?

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• Causal emergence is defined by the difference in the EI values between the macro-level and micro-level.quote0.815
  Core definition from §1.
• Causal emergence is widespread across measures of causation, not just EI.claim0.808
  Claim by Comolatti & Hoel (2022) endorsed by this survey.
• Hoel's Causal Emergence Theoryframework0.802
  Quantitative emergence theory based on Markov dynamics and effective information (EI).
• Causal emergence provides new perspectives for causal representation learning, interpreting latent variables as emergent causalities.claim0.802
  Cross-fertilization claim made in discussion.
• When does causal emergence occur?question0.788
  Open problem stated in §5.4.
• Biological and artificial agents share causal emergence as an axis of learning and reorganization.claim0.781
  Interpretive assertion bridging Levin's biological cognition work with artificial RL; extends 'minds at all scales' thesis.
• Causal emergence alignment with learning is a shared axis comparing biological and artificial creatures.claim0.779
  Assertion that the correlation between causal emergence and learning constitutes another way biological and artificial intelligences converge.
• How causally emergent are artificial agents compared to biological ones?question0.769
  Core motivating question addressed by the empirical RL study; identified as major knowledge gap.