Late-20th-century holistic science still describes mechanisms; it has not overcome the mechanistic character of its models.

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• Living things are not 20th-century machines, but may be 21st-century machines.claim0.795
  Core thesis: the machine metaphor requires updating, not abandoning, in light of modern machine behavior.
• Modern people, especially those educated in verbal concepts, often are not holistic perceivers; they perceive according to invented categories that blind them to wholeness.claim0.793
  Critique of modern cognition.
• Progress in theory and practice requires a novel conception of 'machines as they could be,' based on the profound lessons of biology at all scales.claim0.792
  The paper's overarching constructive goal, paralleling Langton's 'life as it could be'
• Progress in machine behavior science and biohybrid engineering breaks down the simplistic dualism of life vs. machine, revealing a continuum of emergence, rational control, and agency.claim0.792
  Second central claim: life and machine form a continuous multidimensional space, not discrete bins
• The larger task of making these processes genuinely morphogenetic so that they generate deeper and more coherent living structure—still lies on the horizon.claim0.791
• Rahwan et al. 2019 called for a new field 'machine behavior' in which best explanations of machines combine holistic methods from ethology, social sciences, and cognitive science.finding0.789
  Cited as the key precedent motivating the paper's framework
• Twentieth‑century thinking has made us careless so that we do not recognize this deeper structure as more profound and do not know how to create it.claim0.789
  Blames modern education and design culture for losing the ability to generate living environments.
• Modern machines are increasingly resistant to reductionist analysis and explanation.claim0.789
  Deep neural networks, swarms, and complex autonomous systems require holistic ethological and cognitive approaches.