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book:towards-a-new-architectureTowards a New Architecture
Le Corbusier's book celebrating the life in early industrial artifacts, cited by Alexander.
Extracted from this book
Claims (16)
- A being is a center which is connected to the I, a name for a living center that draws attention to its nearly animate quality.Definitional claim distinguishing 'being' from mere 'living center'.
- A painting is a succession of blobs that connect up and finally compose the subject, each blob a center of life.Bonnard's description of his own work, interpreted as aligning with the beings model.
- Above all, then, a building is an ornament.Radical claim that the highest function of a building is to be an ornament in the profound sense.
- Beings can only be made of beings. If it is not made of beings, it cannot be a being.A recursive rule: to be an I-like center, a center must be composed of centers which are themselves I-like.
- Every living center may be distinguished as living, to the degree that it is a picture of the eternal self.Central proposition from Book 1 that grounds the beings model.
- Every living structure is composed of thousands of pictures of the eternal self.Conclusion drawn from the two propositions that makes the beings model explicit.
- In Matisse's cut-outs, every shape is lovingly made; the canvas is entirely made of beings which are loved.Analysis of Matisse's work as an exemplar of being-making.
- Recursion not only strengthens centers but causes the appearance of pictures of the self throughout every nook and cranny of a region of space.A key mechanism claim linking the structural recursion to the saturation of space with I-like beingness.
- Student drawings lack beings because students do not truly realize that putting a structure of beautiful being-like shapes into the thing is what makes it live.Diagnosis of why even well-meaning students fail to create living structure.
- The beings visible in the freeway and banal reality are not enough; they must be welded into a newer structure reconciling ugliness and beauty.Alexander's vision for a modern architecture that honors the harsh world while creating fully living beings.
- The environment is good, or bad, according to the degree that its thousands of centers are pictures of the self, i.e., beings.The central practical conclusion of the chapter: the being-character is the criterion for life in the environment.
- The fundamental process can be compressed to the instruction: Whatever you make must be a being.Summary claim that the entire process reduces to the single rule of making beings at all scales.
- The industrial process of the early 20th century was an unfolding process in its straightforward directness, creating I-like centers.Explanation for why early industrial landscapes had life, in contrast to post-industrial image-driven processes.
- The makers of Chartres consciously created a structure filled with beings, with millions of living centers.Interpretation of Chartres Cathedral as a deliberate, being-filled construction.
- The making of a living world cannot be separated from each person's search for the true self.The enigmatic conclusion that the most personal, inward search yields the most public, functional harmony.
- The overall life of the scissors hinges on the fact that it is made of beings.An empirical observation about a pair of hair-cutting scissors demonstrating the being structure.
Findings (5)
- Chartres Cathedral contains perhaps a hundred million living centers/beings.Estimate from examining 200 slides, describing the density of beings in the building.
- The eyelid of the African head provokes strong relatedness (phenomenological judgment).Empirical observation that the bulbous swelling of the eyelid passes the mirror test, thus is a being.
- The space inside the 'C' of the diskette cover is not I-like (phenomenological judgment).Specific result of the comparison probe: the rounded rectangle space with keyhole shape fails the relatedness test.
- The space inside the small 'o' of the book typography is a beautiful egg-shaped form that evokes relatedness.Specific finding from the typography probe: the subtle, sloped egg shape feels I-like.
- Three specific student plans fail to contain beings, contrasting with fragments of Chartres and St. Gall plans that consist entirely of beings.Visual comparison result used to warn about the difficulty of achieving multi-being structure.
Hypotheses (2)
- I believe that a builder who makes everything a hierarchy of beings in that primitive religious sense will, with no further instruction, succeed in making life in buildings.Predictive claim about the sufficiency of the being-rule for creating life.
- The single criterion of whether everything is made of beings correlates accurately with the presence of life in the environment.Testable hypothesis that the being-character is a reliable indicator of experienced life.
Neighborhood — ranked by edge-count
Chapters (1)
chapter
- The fourth chapter of The Luminous Ground, introducing the model that living structure is composed of thousands of pictures of the self, called beings, and exploring the consequences for architecture and process.