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book:houses-generated-by-patternsHouses Generated by Patterns
Secondary statement of pattern language theory, co-authored by Alexander and colleagues including Peru patterns
Extracted from this book
Claims (17)
- A living process only rarely creates living centers from scratch; it must use pre-established generic centers — patterns — encoding successful adaptationsGrounded in Holland's schemata theory and the biological gene analogy
- A pattern language is a work of poetry and art, potentially as profound in its way as a building can beAlexander's characterization of the deep nature of pattern languages in section 13
- A well-constructed pattern language has the fifteen properties embedded within it, giving it a driving force that makes geometrical wholeness more easily visible and attainableConnecting pattern language theory to the fifteen properties framework as its geometric substrate
- All functions, when working well in a building, are associated with living centersFoundational claim linking the theory of centers to functional analysis of buildings
- Culture modifies the physical salience of centers and is therefore genuinely part of the physics of wholeness, not merely a human image of itCentral philosophical claim that enables structure-preserving transformations to operate across cultural as well as physical domains
- Culture-borne centers play a genetic role analogous to genes in an organism — they describe what is in a deep inner sense and generate the world to be congruent with people's inner feelings and societySynthesizing the pattern-gene analogy with the cultural wholeness argument
- Essential centers are those already latent in the existing field — they summarize and encapsulate the essence of the real life going on, not invented but discoveredDistinguishing essential from trivial centers as the crux of making living pattern languages
- In discovering essential centers in any culture, one's own feelings — when one imaginatively inhabits the situation — are the most reliable measuring instrument availableMethodological claim derived from the Peru experience
- Separate classroom buildings with rain-exposed paths are more essential than covered connected corridors because they deal with feeling at a deeper level — connecting students to real existenceThe key evaluative claim about the Eishin Case 2 vs Case 1 patterns
- The 200-pattern language for Eishin school completely defined the life of the school even before any physical configuration or architectural design was determinedAlexander's strongest statement about the generative power of a pattern language list
- The mere list of centers in a pattern language, just from their naming, already conveys a profound atmosphere and defines the life of the place to an enormous degreeDemonstrated via the Samarkand pattern language list which immediately evokes magical atmosphere
- The pattern language Alexander's team developed for Peru was judged by Peruvians to be a more accurate reflection of Peruvian reality than even the Peruvian architects had managedEmpirical outcome of the Peru empathic immersion method, cited from jurors' report
- The process of creating a living building requires not merely redefining functions, but rearranging and redefining the centers of function — which then opens the door to a new comfortable lifeDerived from the farmhouse kitchen case study in section 9
- The proper unfolding of wholeness is both an unfolding of space from the culture which exists, and an unfolding of a new future culture from the culture of the presentThe core theoretical synthesis linking cultural wholeness to structure-preserving transformations
- The ultimate criterion for choosing centers is which ones will create spiritual awakening in a person or a person's life — producing real deep lifeAlexander's final criterion for pattern selection in section 14
- The wholeness of a place is actually different — not merely perceived differently — when the cultural saliences of its occupants changeArgument illustrated by the chair-plus-scrap-iron and Point Lobos Yurok examples
- Traditional patterns generated living structure because they were based on fitness of the whole; 20th-century profit-oriented patterns damaged living structure because they optimized for profit, not wholenessContrast drawn to motivate the need for a new generation of life-supporting patterns
Findings (9)
- Alexander team's Peru pattern language judged by Peruvians to be more accurate than Peruvian architects' work, per UN competition jurors' reportEmpirical validation of the empathic immersion method from the 1969-70 UN Lima competition
- Alexander's team identified approximately 65 specific patterns for Peruvian communities and houses from one month of empathic immersion in Lima in 1969The concrete output of the Peru empathic immersion method
- Eames and Saarinen's mobile lounge — a new center — transformed the functional organization and experience of Dulles airportExample showing how a single new center can redefine how a large building type works
- Eishin school 1982 pattern language of ~200 centers completely defined the essentials of the school's way of life before any physical design was determinedStrongest case study evidence for the claim that the list of centers alone defines the life of a building
- For Andre and Anna's Berkeley house 1982, discovery of the farmhouse kitchen center resolved three days of anguish about family life organization and defined the core of the finished houseCase study showing how one essential center transforms a building project
- Separate classroom buildings with rain-exposed paths (Case 2) are more essentially rooted in the actual desires and feelings of Eishin community members than the standard connected-building Case 1 arrangementComparative finding from the Eishin case showing latent centers being more essential than conventional ones
- Successful traditional built environments were always generated by culture-specific pattern languages that ensured variety, beauty, and fitness through combinatorial use of generic centersHistorical generalization undergirding the prescriptive theory of pattern languages
- The common 1970s–1980s US practice of placing motels and apartment buildings over at-grade parking was the cheapest option but caused serious damage to the living structure of the pedestrian world and community fabricConcrete example of a profit-oriented pattern damaging wholeness
- The Samarkand pattern language list, merely from naming its centers in sequence, immediately creates a magical atmosphere defining the place without any physical designDemonstrated via the Samarkand poem-of-centers in section 11
Hypotheses (3)
- A pattern language will work well only to the extent that it embraces a whole — comprising everything needed for a complete building of that type — so that its patterns work together as a coherent systemCondition for success of an artificial pattern language stated in section 3
- If a pattern is injected into contexts of its stated type, it will make those environments more alive — this is the truth-condition for a patternThe empirical/evaluative criterion Alexander proposes for validating patterns
- If a structure-preserving unfolding process is applied to existing cultural wholeness, it can non-arbitrarily derive the patterns that should generate present and future environmentsAlexander's retrospective hypothesis about how the pattern origin problem could have been solved twenty years earlier
Neighborhood — ranked by edge-count
Chapters (1)
chapter
- Working chapter of The Process of Creating Life discussing pattern languages as generic rules for making centers and their role in unfolding living structure from cultural wholeness
Thinkers (3)
thinker
- Christopher Alexanderauthored
- Shlomo AngelauthoredCo-author of A Pattern Language.
- Sandy HirshenauthoredCo-author on Houses Generated by Patterns including Peru patterns